The African Union Organization

The African Union is one of the worlds most important intergovernmental organizations. It is composed of 53 countries in Africa and is loosely based on the European Union. These African countries work diplomatically with each other despite differences in geography, history, race, language, and religion to try to improve the political, economic, and social situations for the approximately one billion people that live on the African continent. The African Union promises to protect Africas rich cultures, some of which have existed for thousands of years. African Union Membership The African Union, or AU, includes every independent African country except Morocco. Additionally, the African Union recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, which is a portion of Western Sahara; this recognition by the AU caused Morocco to resign. South Sudan is the newest member of the African Union, joining on July 28, 2011, less than three weeks after it became an independent country. The OAU: The Precursor to the African Union The African Union was formed after the dissolution of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 2002. The OAU was formed in 1963 when many African leaders wanted to accelerate the process of European decolonization and gain independence for a number of new nations. It also wanted to promote peaceful solutions to conflicts, ensure sovereignty forever, and raise living standards. However, the OAU was largely criticized from the beginning. Some countries still had deep ties to its colonial masters. Many countries associated themselves with the ideologies of either the United States or the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War. Although the OAU gave weapons to rebels and was successful in eliminating colonization, it could not eliminate the massive poverty problem. Its leaders were seen as corrupt and unconcerned for the welfare of the common people. Many civil wars occurred and the OAU could not intervene. In 1984, Morocco left the OAU because it opposed the membership of Western Sahara. In 1994, South Africa joined the OAU after the fall of apartheid. The African Union Is Founded Years later, Libyas leader Muammar Gaddafi, a strong proponent of African unity, encouraged the revival and improvement of the organization. After several conventions, the African Union was formed in 2002. The headquarters of the African Union is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Its official languages are English, French, Arabic, and Portuguese, but many documents are also printed in Swahili and local languages. The leaders of the African Union work together to promote health, education, peace, democracy, human rights, and economic success. Three AU Administrative Bodies The heads of state of each member country form the AU Assembly. These leaders meet semi-annually to discuss the budget and major goals of peace and development. The current leader of the African Union Assembly is Bingu Wa Mutharika, the President of Malawi. The AU Parliament is the legislative body of the African Union and is composed of 265 officials who represent the common people of Africa. Its seat is in Midrand, South Africa. The African Court of Justice works to ensure that human rights for all Africans are respected. The Improvement of Human Life in Africa The African Union strives to improve every aspect of government and human life on the continent. Its leaders try to improve educational and career opportunities for ordinary citizens. It works to get healthy food, safe water, and adequate housing to the poor, especially in times of disaster. It studies the causes of these problems, like famine, drought, crime, and war. Africa has a high population that suffers from diseases like HIV, AIDS, and malaria, so the African Union tries to give treatment to the afflicted and provide education to prevent the spread of these diseases. The Improvement of Government, Finances, and Infrastructure The African Union supports agricultural projects. It works to improve transportation and communication and promotes scientific, technological, industrial, and environmental advancement. Financial practices like free trade, customs unions, and central banks are planned. Tourism and immigration ​are promoted, as well as better uses of energy and the protection of Africas precious natural resources such as gold. Environmental problems like desertification are studied, and Africas livestock resources are given aid. The Improvement of Security A major goal of the African Union is to encourage the collective defense, security, and stability of its members. The African Unions democratic principles have gradually reduced corruption and unfair elections. It tries to prevent conflicts between member nations and solve any disputes that do arise quickly and peacefully. The African Union can grant sanctions on disobedient states and withhold economic and social benefits. It does not tolerate inhumane acts such as genocide, war crimes, and terrorism. The African Union can intervene militarily and has sent peacekeeping troops to alleviate political and social disorder in places like Darfur (Sudan), Somalia, Burundi, and Comoros. However, some of these missions have been criticized as being too underfunded, undermanned, and untrained. A few nations, like Niger, Mauritania, and Madagascar have been suspended from the organization after political events like coup detats. Foreign Relations of the African Union The African Union works closely with diplomats from the United States, European Union, and United Nations. It receives aid from countries around the world to deliver on its promises of peace and health for all Africans. The African Union realizes that its member nations must unite and cooperate to compete in the worlds increasingly globalized economy and foreign relations. It hopes to have a single currency, like the euro, by 2023. An African Union passport may exist one day. In the future, the African Union hopes to benefit people of African origin living throughout the world. African Union Struggles Linger The African Union has improved stability and welfare, but it does have its challenges. Poverty is still a tremendous problem. The organization is deeply in debt and many consider some of its leaders to still be corrupt. Moroccos tension with Western Sahara continues to strain the entire organization. However, several smaller multi-state organizations exist in Africa, like the East African Community and the Economic Community of West African States, so the African Union can study how successful these smaller regional organizations have been in combating poverty and political strife. Conclusion In conclusion, the African Union comprises all but one of Africas countries. Its goal of integration has fostered one identity and has enhanced the political, economic, and social climate of the continent, thereby giving hundreds of millions of people a healthier and more successful future.

A Timeline of India in the 1800s (British Raj)

Identifying And Understanding Online Influence Essay

Introduction These days Instagram is more than a trendy app for documenting your cat, brunch and gym selfies. Every post is considered content to marketers thus targeting highly engaging Instagram users—influencers—to leverage brand content. With the rise of influencer marketing, analytics from likes, followers and comments are given emphasis in understanding the engagement and impact of an Instagram account. PR firms and/or in-house communications use these data to identify online influencers and to collaborate with them. Influencers boost a brand’s social media presence providing the opportunity of the potential to increase market sales. As an avid Instagram user, or an ‘Instagrammer’, I believe there is more to influence than the numbers projected online and that â€Å"real life† or offline impact must be taken into account. This research proposes the â€Å"Alexa Impact Factor† as an alternative approach to identifying and understanding online influence. Growth of Instagram Founded by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger in October 2010 as a free photo-sharing iOs-only app, Instagram has grown into a powerful marketing mobile platform with a web presence in 2016. Since its acquisition by Facebook in April 2012 for $1 Billion, in-app features have been updated to include video-sharing, direct messages, sponsored posts, and more recently, â€Å"Stories†, which allows users to post multiple photos and videos that only lasts for 24 hours on their profile. In June 2016, Instagram announcedShow MoreRelatedEstablishing A Small For Medium Enterprise ( Sme )1468 Words   |  6 PagesWhen establishing a small to medium enterprise (SME), it is vital that an entrepreneur considers establishment influences, which can determine the success or failure of a business. 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Rhetorical Analysis Of Abraham Lincoln s Gettysburg...

Final Take-Home Questions AUHIS 454: the Civil War Zoraa Lutas QUESTION 1 Abraham Lincoln speech given at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on November 19, 1863 was described by Senator Charles Sumner, in 1865, stating â€Å"the battle itself was less important than the speech.† Explain. U.S. President Abraham Lincoln was not given the spotlight at the Soldiers’ National Cemetery on November 19, 1863, and was instead invited to give a few remarks. In fact Edward Everett’s speech would have been the official ‘Gettysburg Address’ was it not for its two hours in length and its historical rhetoric. Abraham Lincoln, took to the podium with a solemn face, and in just two minutes, summarised his feelings towards the grim turn of events of the American Civil War. Lincoln’s speech, in my opinion, resonated very deeply with the crowd however it was not till after Senator Charles Sumner statement, â€Å"the battle itself was less important than the speech† in his eulogy, was it properly given its recognition. This speech provided others with buildings blocks for their own civil rights movement such as Martin Luther King Jr. ‘I Have a Dream’ speech, as well the French Constitution of the Fifth Republic adopted in 1958. It can also be said that his speech set the tone for what the Union was fighting against the rebellious Confederacy for. 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Leadership of 21st Century-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the 21st Century Leadership. Answer: Introduction Leadership has been considered as a collective response by the individual for bringing changes in the world for betterment and improvements (Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee, 2013). An awareness of leadership receptive to this globe is the requirement and has been provided in todays highly symbiotic world which is full of high level of complications, boosting changes, and unanticipated and unparalleled proceedings. The concept of 21st century leadership has been termed as an outlook of leadership for responding to the distinct issues and benefits in todays world. Reflection of an extended model of leadership it draws upon and assimilates approaches and operations from varied range of corrections and civilizations to substitute practical information and transformative developments in service on international basis. Apart from the actions, characters, and styles of the employees, 21st century leadership presents the approach of leadership as a property of any community system. Leadership is a management approach in which everyone is required to participate (Hackman and Johnson, 2013). The approaches of the concept complement management and administrative operations and according to which leadership is a unique aspect of the organizational life. The concept requires its own focus of attention for development and growth. This modern perception of leadership integrates a full range of standards and nurtures various range of dimensions, capabilities and capabilities which are demonstrated in the varied range of scopes of life in context specific ways. The contemporary concept has also been considered as a multidimensional and integrative perception of leadership and which has been observed to have a basis of leadership. The below executed literature review has been made focused on the concept of 21st Century Leadership. Literature review On the basis of the research executed by Lorz, (2017) it has been discovered that leadership has been a popular appearance since the commencement of management look into. Times are changing swiftly and in this way the perception on inventiveness should change similarly. A future business condition in 21st Century Leadership has been investigated in this article. By examining this article the readers will get a hold on a understanding of the concept of leadership; consider inventiveness to be a process depicted in 6 brief advances; build up another point of view on initiative and will choose a fast review of a choice of the most forcing designs impacting on business corporations sooner rather than later. According to the research conducted by the author on the concept of 21st Century Leadership definition has been detailed (Hemlin et al., 2014). Authority is the cooperation procedure between the pioneer, nature and the supporters. It is a process that comprise of the stipulating of dr eams due to the observed situational understanding and brings together devotees to conjointly achieve these thoughts. While the 1980's were depicted by a somewhat static situation this has altered among the most current 25 years to an extremely powerful situation upsetting in transportation trade is focused. The innovative progress of media broadcast and the method of web have hastened the rate of globalization and deregulation. This has also brought an arrangement and evidence which has been based on civilization that is unified through online gadgets. The result of altering business circumstances on authority is that there is a requirement of symbolizing the new prerequisites for forthcoming 21st century leaders (Komives and Wagner, 2016). On the basis of the research conducted by Grorge, B, (2010), it has been observed that the concept of leadership has showed varied range of changes and modifications. These changing trends have been proven very much advantageous and disadvantage ous for the business environment and the entities. The author also noted that among the last 50% of the 20th era, corporate administration changed into a first class calling, ruled by directors who controlled their undertakings preliminary from the upper. Wedged by two Global Wars and the Unhappiness, authoritative chains of importance were prearranged along military appearances, with multifaceted assemblies to set up regulator through values and actions. Folks scaled the positions observing for inspiration, status, cash and privileges. In the last sector of the 20th century the share trading system twisted out to be increasingly here and now, making corporate pioneers focus on trimestral revenue, regularly to the evasion of long tow growth. In the preceding decade everything shattered, from the moral barbarities exposed by Enron and WorldCom to the Wall Street emergency. Accordingly, the consumers lost faith in business pioneers to assemble maintainable governments as divergent to helping themselves and here and now investors. The numerous flattened shows just dont work any longer. The skilled worker understudy show has been displaced by learning associations, encumbered with data specialists who don't react to "top down" initiative. Looking for chances to lead, youngsters are unwilling to put in ten years holding up in line (Nahavandi, 2016). Most essential, individuals are scanning for honest to goodness fulfillment and significance from their work, not simply cash. For instance, Medtronic's 38,000 workers are roused by the organization's main goal of "reestablishing individuals to full life and wellbeing." Because of these developments, another age of Leaders is restructuring the best-drove international corporations . Genuine pioneers focused on customers are replacing various leveled Leaders that emphasis on serving here and now investors. Run of the mill of these Leaders is Unilever CEO Paul Polman, who as of late told the Financial Times, "I don't work for the investor. I work for purchasers and my clients." In the 21st century the greatest pioneers will distillate on assisting principal implementation by regulating persons around mission and values and appealing leaders at all heights, while concentrating on portion customers and teaming up all finished the connotation (Northouse, 2017). For further analysis the author has been diverted the focus towards the core and the key competencies of the leaders of 21st century. The competencies or the skills are the abilities which enable the leaders to act and perform the roles and responsibilities and with an efficiency and effectiveness in the outcomes. As the concept has updated and turned to the contemporary version, lot of advancements and up- gradations has been observed in the competencies and skills. The authors have analyzed some of the core competencies which are essentially required by any of the leader. The skills have been segmented in various subdivisions and from them; the first segment is cognitive competencies which are further subdivided in smaller components. Great leaders must have particular abilities in various divisions, for example, planning programming, book-keeping, and contribution. A decent leader must create proficient and specialized aptitudes for driving his devotees and groups. Also, the leaders must pick up learning on outside dialect, worldwide issues including global economy and legislative issues, innovations and science, building correspondence. Basic believing is an issue for 21st century business in settling on each choice. In this manner, the leaders must be capable in basic deduction including assessments, derivations and examinations (Kemps 2017). Leaders need to think how to determine dly improving process, administrations and correspondences to impact their supporters. Numerous associations see the imagination and development as one of the critical 21st century authority competency. Innovativeness and development are fundamental to pick up business accomplishment in aggressive economy. The world is as often as possible evolving. Along these lines, the imaginative and inventive believing are basics to adjust the fast changes in business operations. The best leaders must create interchanges and coordinated effort among their devotees and groups. In building powerful correspondence, the leaders clear up, offer, and adjust data among the supporters. For building coordinated effort, the leaders concentrate on basic leadership, arrangement, critical thinking, and strife determination. Viable correspondence and coordinated effort are fundamental for taking new procedures and activities for organizations, actualizing business approaches. The 21st century Leaders ought t o have worldwide mindfulness including social, financial and social issues. A pioneer must exhibit worldwide mindfulness when the leaders feel sympathy for supporters in various geopolitical and social situations (Thestrategyguysite 2017). Along these lines, it is recommended for the leaders to comprehend the world. There are number of trends observed by the author which has been presented in the review given below. The leaders do not assign their duty regarding correspondence, decent variety or advancement, for instance, to a capacity (Jackson and Parry, 2011). The 21st century leaders go into the world and separates dividers by uniting groups in discussions. The dialect they utilize matters so they avoid calling individuals inside or outside their connotation a "group of people" or a "partner." The 21st century is about group and open, two-way discussions. Key competencies of 21st century leaders Riggio, (2014) has made research on the key competencies of the 21st century leaders and observed numerous variants which has been discussed in the below presented review. The author has made on some of the competencies which are related to the personal life of the leaders and can also be used in their personal life (Chhokar, Brodbeck and House, 2013). The author observed that this isn't just a single of the best indicators of powerful administration; however it is inadequately comprehended and under-looked into. Social insight: Social information is very extensive, yet can best be originating as far as understanding of communal conditions and elements, and capacity to work adequately in an assortment of communal conditions. Our examination recommends that social insight, which we describe as a blissful body of social implementation, affectability to communal conditions, and imagining aptitude are fundamentally essential for viable administration. A supplement to social insight, enthusiastic knowledge is our capacity to impart at the passionate level, comprehend feelings and enthusiastic circumstances, and be tuned in to our own particular feelings. These are especially identified with authority "moxy." Problem solver: Judiciousness is one of Aristotle's cardinal ethics. An equivalent word is "shrewdness," however it originates from having the capacity to see others' viewpoints and through being interested in and considering others' perspectives. Moment cardinal temperance is "Backbone," or strength. This is having the fearlessness to go for broke and the strength to: (a) support what you trust; (b) make the best choice (Chandar 2015). This is a "higher request" relational aptitude that includes helping associates to stay away from or resolve relational clashes. Leaders are frequently called upon to arbitrate when individuals are in struggle, however it likewise includes being able to either maintain a strategic distance from or resolve your own contention circumstances. One of the midpoint services for leaders is the ability to use complete ruling or controlling a decent leadership methodology. Visionary leader: There are improved and more deplorable methods to decide, and a decent leader understands when to get stable on a decision, when to advice assistants or aristocrats and bring them into the basic leadership process, and when it's an ideal opportunity to undertaking back and let others select. Let's be honest. Each gathering or association is, at its center, brimming with politicking. Individuals will endeavor to twist rules, pick up partners, push their own plan, and so forth, keeping in mind the end goal to attempt to excel (Spears, 2010). A viable pioneer is a decent political player, who knows how the amusement is played, however can likewise oversee political conduct with the goal that it doesn't prompt gathering or authoritative brokenness. Good communicator: Communication is the process which has been considered as one of the integral component of a successful business. The leaders are required to be a good communicator. This will enhance the performance and productivity of the team and overall organization. Relevant and accurate communication of data leads the team to bring an increase in the organizational performance. Manage to diversified workforce: Due to globalization and modernization the diversification in the workforce has increased. Managing the diversified workforce is one of the crucial operation of the team leaders and it should be efficiently done as human resource is the most valuable asset of any of the business corporation. Theories to consider under the approach of leadership Charismatic theory: On the basis of the research conducted by Weber it has been stated that the charismatic leader is one who states the goals and targets in the relevance of the personal interest of the team mates. Dreachslin et. al., (2017) stated that the followers have a trust over the leaders and also have a belief that they possess some special extra ordinary qualities which aids in providing guidance for achieving the goals and targets. Attribution theory: On the basis of this theory the leaders judgment made for the team mates is highly stimulated by the attribution of the cause of the employees. The theory demonstrates two facets that are the attribution of leader and their reaction on meager performance by the team mates. Transactional leadership: Under this leadership styles the leaders are very much formal and maintain a same relations with the team mates. This aids them in an easy attainment of the targets A strict code of conduct is used by the leaders and even punishments and strict actions are taken on mistakes done if any. Similarities or differences to classical leadership The author has also made a comparison between the traditional and contemporary competencies of the leaders. According to Jartese, (2013) there are number of differences observed in both the leadership versions. The differences have been segmented on the basis of some features and characteristics of leaders and their leadership styles. The probable business way to deal with control is one of specific authority. Conventional leaders in the business world have a belief that their vitality gets from their place of authority. Out-of-date business chain of command frequently presents control in nimble of life span with an elective take a peek at previous outcomes. The more the leaders remain with the firm, the more distant up the step will be advanced, the more prominent will be the level of energy (Pirouz 2016). The new tactic of social oriented administration observes that power is most projecting in an aggregate group. By permitting break even with investment over all levels, society oriented leaders enable answers for create from the best thoughts of the meeting and adopt a group approach to critical thinking. Maintaining accountability is the sign of traditional leaders. Quitting data on a "need to know" premise enables conventional leaders to keep up skilled and control. Open data sharing is the basis of obliging inventiveness (Northouse, 2012). Getting everyone in contract in a venture re quires data sharing. Exercise also assumes a part. The more approximately humanizing available, the more inventive ways to deal with critical thinking can create and be executed. Traditional supervisors will at times engage suggestions or be absorbed in thoughts from their group. In a best down progressive system, the choices by and large originate from the administrators at the highest point of the natural pecking order. Since data is firmly held, administration may know about conditions that drive the basic leadership process that might be withheld from colleagues. The specialty of cooperation gives everybody on the group a voice (Selznick, 2011). Leaders are by and large open to proposals and thoughts from their group and perceive that conceptualizing and alternate points of view can bring remarkable experiences. Causes of changes to leadership competencies Globalization: The emergence of the concept of globalization has offered the business corporations with a wider arena for competing. Due to this complexities are also influenced in the market and due to which the business entity loses its pace in the bus8iness environment. Advancement in technology: The hike in modernization and technological up-gradations has become one of the greatest reason for the change in the leadership competencies. Due to this the skills and capabilities and knowledge of the leaders are also enhanced. Increase in completion: Due to the increase in the intensification I the competitive environment and due to this sustainability of the organizations has become very much difficult. Resulting to which the leaders are required to adopt some innovative approaches in organization for cutting down the competition and this also one of the reason for the change in the competency of leaders. Conclusion On the basis of the researches and the surveys conducted by the authors it has been reviewed that the concept of leadership has been undergone to a varied range of changes and modifications. These changes have been proven very much advantageous and disadvantageous for the business environment and the business entities. The modified version of the leadership has been changed and has been termed as 21st century leadership. The above presented report is a literature review which has been made focused on contemporary form of leadership. The report has been segmented in various sub-divisions which consist of the key competencies possessed by the leaders in 21st century and also the similarities between the classical and the contemporary version of leaders. Furthermore, the cause which has been held responsible for the changes in the leadership competencies has been underlined. The major focus of the review has been concentrated on the contemporary concept of leadership that is 21st centur y leadership. The leaders are required to maintain a balance between the contemporary and classical leadership patterns so as to develop a firm and stable team which will ensure high level of performances and increased productivity with best quality. Moreover, the leaders are also required to organize training sessions on regular basis for the updating of the skills and capabilities of the team mates. References Chandar, V, 2015, 20 characterstics of a leader, Assessed on 18th November 2017, https://developedself.com/20-characteristics-leader. Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R.J. eds., 2013.Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R.E. and McKee, A., 2013.Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Hackman, M.Z. and Johnson, C.E., 2013.Leadership: A communication perspective. Waveland Press. Han, H., 2014.How organizations develop activists: Civic associations and leadership in the 21st century. Oxford University Press, USA. Hanna, D. and Latchem, C., 2013.Leadership for 21st Century Learning: Global Perspectives from International Experts. Routledge. Hemlin, S., Allwood, C.M., Martin, B. and Mumford, M.D. eds., 2014.Creativity and leadership in science, technology, and innovation. Routledge. Jackson, B. and Parry, K., 2011.A very short fairly interesting and reasonably cheap book about studying leadership. Sage. Jaques, E., 2017.Requisite organization: A total system for effective managerial organization and managerial leadership for the 21st century. Routledge. Jartese, 2013, 8 differences between traditional and collaborative leaders, Assessed on 18th November 2017, https://blog.innocentive.com/2013/11/21/8-differences-between-traditional-and-collaborative-leaders. Kemps, 2017, Leadership effectiveness factors, Assessed on 16th May 2017, https://www.kemps.com/meet-us/careers/leadership-effectiveness-factors/. Komives, S.R. and Wagner, W.E., 2016.Leadership for a better world: Understanding the social change model of leadership development. John Wiley Sons. Lorz, M, 2017, Discovering the 21st century leadership, Assessed on 17th November 2017, https://www.clubofamsterdam.com/contentarticles/leadership/21st%20Century%20Leadership%20Michael%20Lorz.pdf. Nahavandi, A., 2016.The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Northouse, P.G., 2012.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage. Northouse, P.G., 2017.Introduction to leadership: Concepts and practice. Sage Publications. Pirouz, A, 2016, 8 Characters of a great leaders, Assessed on 18th November 2017, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alex-pirouz/8-characteristics-of-grea_b_7680566.html. Selznick, P., 2011.Leadership in administration: A sociological interpretation. Quid Pro Books. Spears, L.C., 2010. Character and servant leadership: Ten characteristics of effective, caring leaders.The Journal of Virtues Leadership,1(1), pp.25-30. Thestrategyguysite, 2017, 7 critical success factors for effective leadership, Assessed on 18th November 2017, https://thestrategyguysite.com/people-leadership-development/7-critical-success-factors-for-effective-leadership/. Dreachslin, J.L., Weech-Maldonado, R., Gail, J., Epan, J.P. and Wainio, J.A., 2017. Blueprint for Sustainable Change in Diversity Management and Cultural Competence: Lessons From the National Center for Healthcare Leadership Diversity Demonstration Project.Journal of Healthcare Management,62(3), pp.171-183.

Auditing Limited Business Risk

Question: Define the Auditing for Limited Business Risk. Answer: Assessment of HIH Insurance Limited business risk In regards to business risk of HIH it could be related to the global, local and control environmental perspective. Hence, it could be built on the basis of terms so as to create an adequate understanding of the insurance industry and also how HIH fits under the SWOT analysis. Therefore, the best approach tends to be the profitability and structuring of the industry which assists in handing the insurance industry which tends to be competitive with the increased competition price range (Hooks, 2011). Hence, it tends to lead in handling the insurance in the Australian industry which appears to be relatively dependant on regulation levels. Therefore, for insurance and the superannuation commission they tend to be considered as the Australian body that tends to partially hold the commonly known Australian Prudential Regulatory Authority (Gay Simnett, 2012). Therefore, in an instance where the company sees some form of close insolvency it tends to indicate that there exist some form of ri sks which are often associated with insolvency. Therefore, the pertained agreements made tend hold the capacity meets as well as the debts under which the companies fall. Therefore, in pertinence with the existence of some profitable and structures there tends to be the need creating some focus in regards to business which tends to have relatively few clients who will aim at launching the industry. Hence, this could lower the profits in the industry. In regards to the concept of solvency and its relation to the capacity of debts. There tends to exist the importance of determining solvency on basis of financial and non financial factors where the business has capability to pay or is unable to pay off its debts (Fiedler, 2007). Hence, need of determining solvency based on financial and non financial conditions of the company. In cases where a firm is capable of handling auditing risk challenges it tends to assist in the issuing of unqualified audit that is built on the basis of financial statements. They are mostly based on holding procedures and plans as per risk which are inherent, control and detection risk. As for inherent risk it tends to handle financial statements for instance in HIH Insurance Company its the maintenance of solvency margins and the liquidating contributors. Hence, it includes reinsuring of different policies along with provision of file with marine insurance practice that often differs with the professional related insurance. The control risk is the material error which fails to be detected by the internal systems (Whittington and Pany, 2000). Hence, HIH possess completeness and accuracy in their general ledger thus failing to perform some of the recoincilatins of ledger and the bank accounts. At times their performance tends to be built on some diverse procedures that entail massi ve reliance for documentation process in the externally environment. In detection risk it has different auditing procedures built on performance and fails to detect material error and assertions. Therefore, in the case of HIH the internal audit documents tend to fail in performing the appropriate procedures which then assists in building their performance due to insufficient plans, future income tax benefits and goodwill. 2a. Here there exist a relation to the issuing of unqualified auditing opinions that often tend to relate to auditing risks which isnt managed. Hence, auditors have limited knowledge which makes them not understand inherent risk based on changes done the previous year. Thus, the primary emphases are mainly on the audit report that indicates auditing concerns in terms of HIH practices. Hence, they dont investigate about the full notification of different parties. Hence, the case that is related mostly on clients works on performance to prove the insufficient planning which tend to relate to the goodwill that is commonly known as deferred acquisition cost and the income tax benefits. In cases where client decide to hire former auditors, it tends to have a great effect on the independence of external audit. Since there may have existed close relationships formerly and the auditors were able to handle challenges with the parties and influence they hold (Crous, 2012). For the creditors they aim should be minimizing solvency regulations which state that an entity can be solvent in and only after declaration is done by director. Thus, the reports tend to relate in determination of management along with ongoing concerns. Hence, HIH should aim on the cash position where there is an extension of analysis and is abused on operation and financial matters. The risks often tend to receive relation from pricing and position claims which reserve policy that tend to handle work on investment decisions. Hence, these facts are vital for insurance firms to use with risk pricing ability (Shailer et al, 2007). Hence, there presentation should be built on handling capability of provisions where there is need of developing prudential margins. The negligence deeds by HIH insurance tends to be related with the acceleration of changes in terms of legislation. At times there occurred some crisis in prices and insurance availability. These are largely based on negligence. Therefore, the primary issue tends to relate to the charges that tend to be politically reinforced with the direct liability sequence found in government and the re-insure. Hence, commencement of the legislative changes follows the escalations in the public liabilities and guidelines. The primary fact is built on failure which offers evidence in relation to risk management that fails to shape and perform. The directors tend to act negligently in making analysis about the strategy for carrying out their investments which tends to be associated with the appreciations of risks that often relate to different data sources. Hence, the risk management failure can be perceived as an act of the management style which applies handling HIH down the work. Therefore, the fall of HIH tends to be based on the high compensation payment found within the litigious community that tends to extend the liability for negligent effects. Hence, the system tends to be divided in different jurisdictions that establishes liability and contributes to negligence which is often proportional to the known liability factors (Rittenberg, 2012). 3. Similar to our case, companies tend to hire external auditors for the purpose of auditing themselves. External auditors are termed as accountants who work independently for a certain firm (Messier, 2000). Therefore, it is their duty to examine firms records and operation to make sure that the available financial statements are correct. Hence, in our cases HIH want to hire external auditors because; they tend to ensure whether HIH is compliant with all the available internal revenue service rules, external auditors are also credible as they evaluate the financial statements and make sure they are true similar to the companys process. They tend to have a unique role compared to the internal auditors as they are able observe operation from the outside and determine where the company is wasting time and money. HIH believes that compared to internal auditors, external auditors can look at the same factors similar to internal auditors and double check their work. Hence, they are perceiv ed to have an effective role in HIH auditing process compared to the internal auditors. The participation of one firm in providing the auditing and consulting services often tends to have carry some several benefits. First, the use of same firm that offers audit services have enough knowledge in regards to company, this means that less time is used in billing and training efforts so that the client can familiarize himself with the system (Messier, 2000). Secondly, the service provider easily develops considerable experience that works on dealing with challenges that are uniquely set to the clients industry (Robertson et al, 2002). Therefore, they provide the best practices that benefit the firms operation and system. Thirdly, it is perceived that the engagement of the same firm in providing non-audit service provides superior quality consultation decisions that are effective to the firms strategies. The circumstances under which professional accountants such as internal and external auditors operate tend to create specific threats in terms of compliance with fundamental ethical standards. Hence, we could term these circumstances as a violation because it may threaten the auditing process in that: There may be self interest threats this is in regards to the financial or other interest that could inappropriately influence the professionals accountants judgment (Ricchiute, 2003). There may be advocacy threat where professional accountants tend to promote clients or the employers position to a point where professional auditors objectivity becomes compromised. Hence, this is an act of ethical code violation. There may also be a violation of ethical codes in regards to familiarity threat. Here, threats may take place as a result of close relationship between client and the auditors where they become too sympathetic to their interest. Lastly, self review threat violation may occur when accountants fail to appropriately evaluate the results of the previous judgments made by other accountants, individuals or firms. Therefore, they fail to rely on previous judgment meaning that this is an ethical code violation (Eilifsen, 2006). In regards to the report policy recommendation on governance and financial reposting with finalization under the CLERP 9 amendments, the CLERP 9 was set for the purpose of including the bills in the leading up to the expected enactments. Hence, it tends to deal with some personal liabilities where breach as well as other auditor independence affects the accounting standards. Therefore, the focus in such a case mainly involves handling of duties that tend to bind directors, secretaries and business officers. In regards to recommendation we could base it on officer class which is concerned with management (Stuart, 2012). Therefore, it tends to be held under the performance of significant functioning where it attracts legal duty. Hence, the impact developed will have relevant functions where there will be attainment of advantage rather that working on information to gain proper advantage (Arens et al, 2006). Since, instances of financial reposting tend to be built on ASX they tend to lo ok for disclosure as well as the executive remuneration that exist in the market, hence this tends to announce employment contracts that allow different diverse responsibilities and practices. References Rittenberg, L. E. (2012).Auditing and assurance services. Crous, C. (2012).Auditing and assurance services. Maidenhead, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Best, P. J., Shailer, G. E. P., Fiedler, B., Arens, A. A. (2007).Auditing and assurance services in Australia: an integrated approach. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W., Pearson Education Australia. Fiedler, B. A. (2007).Student guide to accompany Auditing and assurance services in Australia: an integrated approach, 7th edition. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W., Pearson Education. Messier, W. F., Boh, M. (2004).Auditing and assurance services in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, McGraw-Hill. Hooks, K. L. (2011).Auditing and assurance services: understanding the integrated audit. Hoboken, NJ, Wiley. Whittington, R., Pany, K. (2000).Principles of auditing and other assurance services. Boston, Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Gay, G. E., Simnett, R. (2012).Auditing and assurance services in Australia. North Ryde, N.S.W., McGraw-Hill Education. Stuart, I. (2012).Auditing and assurance services: an applied approach. Arens, A. A., Elder, R. J., Beasley, M. S. (2006).Auditing and assurance services: an integrated approach. Upper Saddle River, N.J., Pearson Prentice Hall. Ricchiute, D. N. (2003).Auditing and assurance services. Mason, Ohio, South-Western/Thomson Learning. Robertson, J. C., Louwers, T. J., Robertson, J. C. (2002).Auditing and assurance services. Boston, McGraw-Hill. Eilifsen, A. (2006).Auditing and assurance services. London, McGraw-Hill Education. Messier, W. F. (2000).Auditing assurance services: a systematic approach. Boston, Irwin/McGraw-Hill.